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Empirical Inference Conference Paper Declarative Reactive Robot Behaviors from Imperative Language Models Berenz, V., Kim, T., Schölkopf, B. In IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN 2026), August 2026 (Accepted) BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper Neural Posterior Estimation of Terrain Parameters from Radar Sounder Data Dal Corso, J., Kofler, A., Cortellazzi, M., Bruzzone, L., Schölkopf, B. IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), August 2026 (Accepted) arXiv BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper Echoes of the Prior: A Computational Phenomenology of Forgetting Gao, G., Schölkopf, B., Geiger, A. Proceedings of the ACM on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques: PACM-CGIT, SIGGRAPH, July 2026 (Accepted) Project BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper On the Emergence and Test-Time Use of Structural Information in Large Language Models Chen, M. C., Miller, M., Schölkopf, B., Guo, S. Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), 1449-1465, (Editors: Liakata, Maria and Moreira, Viviane P. and Zhang, Jiajun and Jurgens, David), Association for Computational Linguistics, 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2026), July 2026 (Published) arXiv URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper Riemannian Networks over Full-Rank Correlation Matrices Chen, Z., Wu, X., Schölkopf, B., Sebe, N. In Proceedings of the 43rd International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML), International Conference on Machine Learning, July 2026 (Accepted) arXiv BibTeX
Empirical Inference Article Flexible Gravitational-Wave Parameter Estimation with Transformers Kofler, A., Dax, M., Green, S. R., Wildberger, J., Gupte, N., Macke, J. H., Gair, J., Buonanno, A., Schölkopf, B. Physical Review Letters, 136(25):https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/n3ld-b4wv, June 2026 (Published) arXiv DOI URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper Hyperbolic Busemann Neural Networks Chen, Z., Schölkopf, B., Sebe, N. In Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 42029-42038, June 2026 (Published) PDF Supplemental URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper Differentiable Simulation of Hard Contacts with Soft Gradients for Learning and Control Paulus*, A., Geist*, A. R., Schumacher*, P., Rappenecker, S., Musil, V., Martius, G. The Fourteenth International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR), April 2026, *equal contribution (Published) arXiv URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper Estimating Joint Interventional Distributions from Marginal Interventional Data Garrido Mejia, S., Kirschbaum, E., Kekić, A., Schölkopf, B., Mastakouri, A. A. Proceedings of the Fifth Conference on Causal Learning and Reasoning, 323:1-23, PMLR, 5th Conference on Causal Learning and Reasoning, April 2026 (To be published) arXiv BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper Learning Nonlinear Causal Reductions to Explain Reinforcement Learning Policies Kekić, A., Schneider, J., Büchler, D., Schölkopf*, B., Besserve*, M. The Fourteenth International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR), April 2026, *joint supervision (Published) arXiv URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper Making Complex Reasoning Student-Friendly: A Hybrid LLM-to-SLM Distillation Framework Yang, Y., He, Y., Liu, J., Jin, Z. 1st Workshop on Scaling Post-training for LLMs at the Fourteenth International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR), SPOT@ICLR, April 2026 (Published) URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper Position: Science is Collaborative—LLM for Science Should Be Too Zhang, T. J., Jiang, W., Guzman Piedrahita, D., Yang, Y., Lu, S., Schölkopf, B., Jin, Z. ICLR 2026 – 2nd Workshop on Foundation Models for Science: Real-World Impact and Science-First Design , ICLR - Workshop FM4Science, April 2026 (Published) URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper Proper Velocity Neural Networks Chen*, Z., Su*, Z., Schölkopf, B., Sebe, N. The Fourteenth International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR), April 2026, *equal contribution (Published) URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper Rigidity-Aware Geometric Pretraining for Protein Design and Conformational Ensembles Ni*, Z., Li*, Y., Qiu*, Z., Schölkopf, B., Guo, H., Liu, W., Liu, S. The Fourteenth International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR), April 2026, *equal contribution (Published) arXiv URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper STRIDE: Training Data Attribution Can Be Estimated In Activation Space Harrasse, A., Dagli, R., Abdullah, A., Jin, Z. ICLR 2026 Workshop on Scientific Methods for Understanding Deep Learning (Sci4DL), Sci4DL at ICLR, April 2026 (Published) URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Deep Models and Optimization Conference Paper Scaling Behavior of Discrete Diffusion Language Models von Rütte, D., Fluri, J., Pooladzandi, O., Schölkopf, B., Hofmann, T., Orvieto, A. The Fourteenth International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR), April 2026 (Published) arXiv URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Robust Machine Learning Conference Paper Skill Learning via Policy Diversity Yields Identifiable Representations for Reinforcement Learning Reizinger*, P., Mucsányi*, B., Guo*, S., Eysenbach, B., Schölkopf, B., Brendel, W. The Fourteenth International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR), April 2026, *equal contribution (Published) arXiv URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper SocialHarmBench: Revealing LLM Vulnerabilities to Socially Harmful Requests Pandey, P. S., Le, H. S., Bhardwaj, D., Mihalcea, R., Zhijing, J. The Fourteenth International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR), April 2026 (Published) arXiv URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper Training with Honeypots: Reshaping How LLMs Fail Simko, S., Pandey, P. S., Jin, Z., Schölkopf, B. ICLR 2026 Workshop on Principled Design for Trustworthy AI - Interpretability, Robustness, and Safety across Modalities, ICLR 2026 Trustworthy AI, April 2026 (Published) URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper Democratic or Authoritarian? Probing a New Dimension of Political Biases in Large Language Models Guzman Piedrahita*, D., Strauss*, I., Schölkopf, B., Mihalcea, R., Jin, Z. Proceedings of the 19th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), 593-652, (Editors: Demberg, Vera and Inui, Kentaro and Marquez, Lluís), Association for Computational Linguistics, 19th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL), March 2026, *equal contribution (Published) DOI URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Ph.D. Thesis Empirical Likelihood Estimators for Robust and Causal Learning Kremer, H. Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, March 2026 (Published) BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper How Robust Are Router-LLMs? Analysis of the Fragility of LLM Routing Capabilities Kassem, A. M., Schölkopf, B., Jin, Z. Proceedings of the 19th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), 7496-7507, (Editors: Demberg, Vera and Inui, Kentaro and Marquez, Lluís), Association for Computational Linguistics, 19th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL), March 2026 (Published) DOI URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper Sim-to-Real for Muscle-Actuated Robots via Learned Actuator Models Schneider, J., Mahajan, M., Chen, L., Guist, S., Schölkopf, B., Posner, I., Büchler, D. 2nd German Robotics Conference (GRC), March 2026 (Published) URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper Taming Object Hallucinations with Verified Atomic Confidence Estimation Liu, J., Xuan, W., Jin, Z., Diab, M. T. Proceedings of the 19th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), 5430-5444, (Editors: Demberg, Vera and Inui, Kentaro and Marquez, Lluís), Association for Computational Linguistics, 19th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL), March 2026 (Published) DOI URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper Uncovering Hidden Correctness in LLM Causal Reasoning via Symbolic Verification He, P., Huang, Y., Sachan, M., Jin, Z. Proceedings of the 19th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), 1231-1250, (Editors: Demberg, Vera and Inui, Kentaro and Marquez, Lluís), Association for Computational Linguistics, 19th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL), March 2026 (Published) DOI URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper When Do Language Models Endorse Limitations on Human Rights Principles? Samway, K., Takagi, M. N., Mihalcea, R., Schölkopf, B., Chalkidis, I., Hershcovich, D., Jin, Z. Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EACL, 6597-6623, (Editors: Demberg, Vera and Inui, Kentaro and Marquez, Lluís), Association for Computational Linguistics, 19th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL), March 2026 (Published) DOI URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper CORE: Measuring Multi-Agent LLM Interaction Quality under Game-Theoretic Pressures Pandey, P. S., Yang, Y., Liu, J., Jin, Z. Proceedings of the 19th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), 1251-1266, (Editors: Demberg, Vera and Inui, Kentaro and Marquez, Lluís), Association for Computational Linguistics, 19th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL), March 2026 (Published) DOI URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper NLP for Social Good: A Survey and Outlook of Challenges, Opportunities and Responsible Deployment Karamolegkou, A., Borah, A., Cho, E., Choudhury, S. R., Galletti, M., Gupta, P., Ignat, O., Kargupta, P., Kotonya, N., Lamba, H., et al. Proceedings of the 19th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), 5110-5170, (Editors: Demberg, Vera and Inui, Kentaro and Marquez, Lluís), Association for Computational Linguistics, 19th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL), March 2026 (Published) DOI URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Article Imagining and building wise machines: the centrality of AI metacognition Johnson, S. G. B., Karimi, A., Bengio, Y., Chater, N., Gerstenberg, T., Larson, K., Levine, S., Mitchell, M., Rahwan, I., Schölkopf, B., et al. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, February 2026 (Published) DOI URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Learning and Dynamical Systems Article A critical perspective on finite sample conformal prediction theory in medical applications Kladny, K., Schölkopf, B., Koch, L., Baumgartner, C. F., Muehlebach, M. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, 180:103462, 2026 (Published) arXiv DOI URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper A data and task-constrained mechanistic model of the mouse outer retina shows robustness to contrast variations Kadhim, K. L., Beck, J., Huang, Z., Macke, J. H., Rieke, F., Euler, T., Deistler, M., Berens, P. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 38 (NeurIPS 2025), 38:98843-98863, (Editors: D. Belgrave and C. Zhang and H. Lin and R. Pascanu and P. Koniusz and M. Ghassemi and N. Chen), Curran Associates, Inc., 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, December 2025 (Published) bioRxiv URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper Are Language Models Efficient Reasoners? A Perspective from Logic Programming Opedal, A., Zengaffinen, Y., Shirakami, H., Pasti, C., Sachan, M., Saparov, A., Cotterell, R., Schölkopf, B. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 38 (NeurIPS 2025), 38:68388-68424, (Editors: D. Belgrave and C. Zhang and H. Lin and R. Pascanu and P. Koniusz and M. Ghassemi and N. Chen), Curran Associates, Inc., 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, December 2025 (Published) arXiv URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper Autoformalizing Natural Language to First-Order Logic: A Case Study in Logical Fallacy Detection Lalwani*, A., Kim*, T., Chopra, L., Hahn, C., Jin, Z., Sachan, M. Proceedings of the 14th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing and the 4th Conference of the Asia-Pacific Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 132-147, (Editors: Kentaro Inui, Sakriani Sakti, Haofen Wang, Derek F. Wong, Pushpak Bhattacharyya, Biplab Banerjee, Asif Ekbal, Tanmoy Chakraborty, Dhirendra Pratap Singh), The Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing and The Association for Computational Linguistics, IJCNLP & AACL, December 2025, *equal contribution (Published) DOI URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper CauSciBench: Assessing LLM Causal Reasoning for Scientific Research Acharya, S., Zhang, T. J., Kim, A., Haghighat, A., Sun, X., Shrestha, R. B., Mordig, M., Danisman, F., Jose, C., Qi, Y., et al. NeurIPS 2025: 5th Workshop on Mathematical Reasoning and AI (Math-AI) and CauScien Workshop, December 2025 (Published) URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper Counterfactual reasoning: an analysis of in-context emergence Miller, M., Schölkopf, B., Guo, S. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 38 (NeurIPS 2025), 38:87510-87544, (Editors: D. Belgrave and C. Zhang and H. Lin and R. Pascanu and P. Koniusz and M. Ghassemi and N. Chen), Curran Associates, Inc., 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, December 2025 (Published) arXiv URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper Cultural Alien Sampler: Open-ended art generation balancing originality and coherence Hernandez, A., Yakura, H., Brinkmann, L., Sola, M. C., Alhaija, H. A., Serna, I., Rahaman, N., Schölkopf, B., Rahwan, I. 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems Creative AI Track: Humanity, December 2025 (Published) arXiv URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper Do-PFN: In-Context Learning for Causal Effect Estimation Robertson*, J., Reuter*, A., Guo, S., Hollmann, N., Hutter, F., Schölkopf, B. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 38 (NeurIPS 2025), 38:174811-174848, (Editors: D. Belgrave and C. Zhang and H. Lin and R. Pascanu and P. Koniusz and M. Ghassemi and N. Chen), Curran Associates, Inc., 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, December 2025, *equal contribution (Published) arXiv URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper Effortless, Simulation-Efficient Bayesian Inference using Tabular Foundation Models Vetter, J., Gloeckler, M., Gedon, D., Macke, J. H. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 38 (NeurIPS 2025), 38:82685-82724, (Editors: D. Belgrave and C. Zhang and H. Lin and R. Pascanu and P. Koniusz and M. Ghassemi and N. Chen), Curran Associates, Inc., 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, December 2025 (Published) arXiv URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper FNOPE: Simulation-based inference on function spaces with Fourier Neural Operators Moss, G., Muhle, L. S., Drews, R., Macke, J. H., Schröder, C. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 38 (NeurIPS 2025), 38:61006-61042, (Editors: D. Belgrave and C. Zhang and H. Lin and R. Pascanu and P. Koniusz and M. Ghassemi and N. Chen), Curran Associates, Inc., 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, December 2025 (Published) arXiv URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper Forecasting in Offline Reinforcement Learning for Non-stationary Environments Ada, S. E., Martius, G., Ugur, E., Oztop, E. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 38 (NeurIPS 2025), 38:8002-8024, (Editors: D. Belgrave and C. Zhang and H. Lin and R. Pascanu and P. Koniusz and M. Ghassemi and N. Chen), Curran Associates, Inc., 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, December 2025 (Published) arXiv URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper Identifying multi-compartment Hodgkin-Huxley models with high-density extracellular voltage recordings Tanoh, I. C., Deistler, M., Macke, J. H., Linderman, S. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 38 (NeurIPS 2025), 38:98995-99037, (Editors: D. Belgrave and C. Zhang and H. Lin and R. Pascanu and P. Koniusz and M. Ghassemi and N. Chen), Curran Associates, Inc., 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, December 2025 (Published) arXiv URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper Quriosity: Analyzing Human Questioning Behavior and Causal Inquiry through Curiosity-Driven Queries Ceraolo*, R., Kharlapenko*, D., Khan*, A., Reymond, A., Mihalcea, R., Schölkopf, B., Sachan, M., Jin, Z. Proceedings of the 14th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing and the 4th Conference of the Asia-Pacific Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 534-563, (Editors: Kentaro Inui, Sakriani Sakti, Haofen Wang, Derek F. Wong, Pushpak Bhattacharyya, Biplab Banerjee, Asif Ekbal, Tanmoy Chakraborty, Dhirendra Pratap Singh), The Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing and The Association for Computational Linguistics, IJCNLP & AACL, December 2025, *equal contribution (Published) DOI URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper Reparameterized LLM Training via Orthogonal Equivalence Transformation Qiu, Z., Buchholz, S., Xiao, T., Dax, M., Schölkopf, B., Liu, W. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 38 (NeurIPS 2025), 38:140775-140821, (Editors: D. Belgrave and C. Zhang and H. Lin and R. Pascanu and P. Koniusz and M. Ghassemi and N. Chen), Curran Associates, Inc., 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, December 2025 (Published) arXiv URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper Root Cause Analysis of Outliers with Missing Structural Knowledge Orchard, W. R., Okati, N., Garrido Mejia, S., Blöbaum, P., Janzing, D. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 38 (NeurIPS 2025), 38:161634-161671, (Editors: D. Belgrave and C. Zhang and H. Lin and R. Pascanu and P. Koniusz and M. Ghassemi and N. Chen), Curran Associates, Inc., 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, December 2025 (Published) arXiv URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper SPARTAN: A Sparse Transformer World Model Attending to What Matters Lei, A., Schölkopf, B., Posner, I. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 38 (NeurIPS 2025), 38:154089-154114, (Editors: D. Belgrave and C. Zhang and H. Lin and R. Pascanu and P. Koniusz and M. Ghassemi and N. Chen), Curran Associates, Inc., 39th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, December 2025 (Published) arXiv URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper Agent-to-Agent Theory of Mind: Testing Interlocutor Awareness among Large Language Models Choi*, Y., Li*, C., Yang, Y., Jin, Z. Proceedings of the 2025 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP), 28895-28928, (Editors: Christodoulopoulos, Christos and Chakraborty, Tanmoy and Rose, Carolyn and Peng, Violet), Association for Computational Linguistics, EMNLP, November 2025, *equal contribution (Published) DOI URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper Are Language Models Consequentialist or Deontological Moral Reasoners? Samway, K., Kleiman-Weiner, M., Guzman Piedrahita, D., Mihalcea, R., Schölkopf, B., Jin, Z. Proceedings of the 2025 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP), 30699-30726, (Editors: Christodoulopoulos, Christos and Chakraborty, Tanmoy and Rose, Carolyn and Peng, Violet), Association for Computational Linguistics, EMNLP, November 2025 (Published) DOI URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper Improving Large Language Model Safety with Contrastive Representation Learning Simko, S., Sachan, M., Schölkopf, B., Jin, Z. Proceedings of the 2025 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP), 28166-28194, (Editors: Christodoulopoulos, Christos and Chakraborty, Tanmoy and Rose, Carolyn and Peng, Violet), Association for Computational Linguistics, November 2025 (Published) arXiv DOI URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Conference Paper Orthogonal Finetuning Made Scalable Qiu*, Z., Liu*, W., Weller, A., Schölkopf, B. Proceedings of the 2025 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP), 31946-31963, (Editors: Christodoulopoulos, Christos and Chakraborty, Tanmoy and Rose, Carolyn and Peng, Violet), Association for Computational Linguistics, EMNLP, November 2025, *equal contribution (Published) DOI URL BibTeX
Empirical Inference Article In silico biological discovery with large perturbation models Miladinovic*, D., Höppe*, T., Chevalley, M., Georgiou, A., Stuart, L., Mehrjou, A., Bantscheff, M., Schölkopf, B., Schwab, P. Nature Computational Science, October 2025, *equal contribution (Published) DOI URL BibTeX